How are AI chatbots trained?

Most AI chatbots are built on large language models that were pre-trained on huge amounts of text and then tuned with human feedback to follow instructions. Businesses rarely retrain the model; they adapt it with instructions, connect it to company knowledge through retrieval, add example conversations, and improve it by reviewing transcripts and fixing gaps.

Layers of “training”

LayerWho does itWhat it adds
Pre-trainingModel providerGeneral language ability
Instruction tuning and RLHFModel providerFollowing instructions safely
Fine-tuning (optional)Business or vendorStyle or domain behavior
Retrieval (RAG)BusinessCurrent company facts
Instructions and guardrailsBusinessRules, tone, scope
Ongoing reviewBusinessFixes for gaps and errors

Why retrieval beats retraining for support

Company facts change often. Retrieval lets the bot use current information without retraining, and makes it possible to cite sources.

Frequently Asked Questions

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